There are a number of different ways of building a timber frame construction, each with their own set of pros and cons. From the speed at which they can be constructed, to the eco-attributes of timber, there are many positives that appeal to anyone looking to embark on a self build.
But, as with every type of construction method, there are some downsides and considerations you need to be aware of, before you make your final decision about how you will build your dream home.
In this in-depth guide, home building experts, Mike Cruikshank and Mark Stevenson, explain more about the types of systems used in timber frame construction, and how to determine if it's the right method for you.
Article continues belowWhat is a timber frame construction?
In simple terms, if you're looking at timber vs masonry, a timber frame construction uses timber studs within the external structural wall to carry the loads imposed before transmitting them to the foundations. Timber build systems include the walls, floors and roofs, which are designed as one coherent engineered structure. Timber frame incorporates a number of different elements as part of its overall wall system.
From outside in, these include;
- External cladding and cavity (brick, render, composite or timber boarding etc) to provide weather resistance
- Breather membrane to provide weather protection during the build and ensure the frame breathes and resists moisture penetration during its life
- OSB (oriented strand board) or plywood lining fitted to the frame to provide strength and rigidity
- Wall insulation fitted between the structural studs to enhance thermal performance and lower energy bills
- Vapour control layer (VCL) to prevent interstitial condensation and limit air leakage
- Service zone to distribute electrical and mechanical systems.
Types of timber frame construction
Timber frame constructions are generally made in one of two ways. The traditional method of using a stick built construction, or building with pre-manufactured timber frames, and it is important to understand the differences between them.
Stick built timber frames
A stick built timber frame is literally built a stick at a time directly on the building site. In theory, a stick built frame should include all the elements described above and therefore should perform as any other timber frame.
The problem with stick built timber frame building is that because they’re built on site, mostly just following custom and practice principles rather than engineered design, the structures are inefficient and slow to build.
As the construction process doesn’t allow for testing, the performance of stick built frames from an energy efficiency, structural stability and fire resistance point of view also tends to be unproven. This is why most self build warranty providers and lenders frown upon this method of timber framing.
Pre-manufactured timber frames
Modern timber frame structures, such as those you will come across when looking at how to build an oak-frame home, are instead built using precision engineered off-site manufactured panels. These mostly include all the insulation and membranes necessary to achieve the desired level of performance.
The wall panels are manufactured to form part of the overall building structure and come in all sorts of shapes and sizes to suit the project. Most manufacturers look to make large elevational panels which are more efficient and speed up the construction process.
The factory based offsite process provides optimal manufacturing conditions where quality is closely controlled. Because the panels are pre-manufactured to pre-determined repeatable designs, they can be tested to make sure they provide the performance that’s promised.
For example, reputable manufacturers carry out load-bearing fire resistance tests to provide assurance that the timber frame will remain stable, and provide a safe means of escape in the event of a fire. The test results therefore prove that the wall system will meet or exceed the building regulation requirements.
Open vs closed panel timber frame systems
The timber frame panels may be delivered to site ‘open’ or ‘closed’, but what does this mean?
Open panels are manufactured ready for external joinery (doors and windows) to be placed, and are delivered to site together with flooring elements and roof trusses. Once the frame erectors have finished, work can commence both inside and outside the house.
Closed panels are delivered to site with insulation already factory fitted. The external cladding, windows and doors may be fixed, as may electrics and plumbing. Alternatively, a service void may be added for self builders undecided on their electrical and plumbing scheme.
Are SIPs a timber frame construction method?
Structural insulated panels (SIP) are sometimes referred to as timber frames without the timber. The strength of the panels derives from bonding insulation within an inner and outer skin of board, to make a very rigid, highly insulated shell.
The factory produces these panels, leaving holes where the doors and windows will be placed later, and then ships them off to site where, together with flooring elements and roof trusses, the superstructure of the house is erected in a few days.
The roof is left with a waterproof covering and, once the frame erectors have finished, work can commence both inside and outside of the house.
In terms of timber frames vs SIPs, it's very much down to the style of house you want, the plot you are building on and your build preferences. SIPs are very speedy and you can also work in the wet. Closed panels are often offered by German turnkey home suppliers for example, and can result in a very fast build. However, due to the weight of the panels, a crane is essential to the assembly.
Pros and cons of timber frame systems
When it comes to how to choose a construction system, there will always be pros and cons to consider – and timber frame is no different.
Advantages of using a timber frame construction
- Responsibly sourced timber is an eco-friendly building material and there's less material wastage with this kind of build
- It's, on average, 30% quicker to build with timber frame than block and brick
- Timber frames are light, often meaning simpler (and less expensive) types of foundations are required
- A timber frame build can be easily erected during adverse weather, where block builds may be delayed
- Timber frames are manufactured precisely, leaving less margins of error for on-site trades, while also ensuring that rooms are true (perfectly level and square)
- Less requirement of wet trades, who are often in short supply, and create a lot of mess on a building site
Disadvantages of timber frame construction
- As the timber frame is precision-made, there is a low-level of tolerance for any deviations in the groundworks, potentially causing issues that are difficult to rectify
- Some timber frame panels are heavier than others, and may require craning into place, which adds requirements for site access
- Timber frame, by its nature, is more prone to heat fluctuations as it has less mass than a block built home. This means timber frame homes need to be well-insulated, and these elements need to be considered in the budget. Thankfully, timber frame construction lends itself well to this
- Timber frame will cost more per sqm of build than block and brick, but do take into account savings made from the quicker construction process which may bring this cost down
- Timber frame companies often take large deposits (potentially even the whole amount) before construction begins, which may mean cashflow is an issue for some self builders
How much does timber frame construction cost?
As with any calculations regarding the cost to build a house, there isn't a set figure you can quote for building a timber frame construction.
The cost will be influenced by the complexity of the project involved. Complicated roofscapes, vaulted ceilings, open plan layouts and architectural glazing all add expense. And that's before you start to think about site access, ratio of floor to wall area and the specification of the system being used.
There are timber frame houses that have been built for a price tag upwards of £850,000 - think striking two-storey home set on a sprawling plot - as well as single storey timber homes built for a modest budget of less than £80,000.
The superstructure of your self build will be the largest area of cost and will typically consume 25% to 30% of the total build budget. In comparison, to building with masonry, the upfront cost of an open panel frame will be around the same, but closed panel systems will be more expensive depending upon the performance and extra features they include.
Choosing a timber frame construction system and supplier
From a self build point of view, provided you’re not trying to build with timber below ground, timber frame is almost always an appropriate build method. The unsuitability of timber frame is mostly to do with the scale of buildings. For example, a timber frame building over five storeys high or 18m is a big no-no.
Sometimes people say a timber frame building isn’t flexible or strong enough to deal with challenging architectural designs but modern timber frames are highly engineered and integrate structural steelwork where needed to deal with the most challenging engineering situations.
"If it can be drawn it can be built, whether it is open plan or a very traditional layout, or fully vaulted ceilings with floor to ceiling glazing," says Simon Orrells, director of Frame Technologies. "But it is key to get us involved at the early stages so we can design in the structural elements needed to support these elements."
Whilst it’s possible to build a great home with either a stick or panel timber frame construction system, in reality pre-manufactured panels, such as those used in oak-frame homes, which have been subjected to testing, will more easily offer the certification necessary to assure building regulations compliance and keep your warranty provider happy.
How do I choose a timber frame supplier?
There are a good number of companies working in timber frame construction for the UK self build market.
The most common way to work is for the company to design, build and erect the superstructure but there are variations on how much of the superstructure is supplied. The service provided by timber frame companies can vary from the supply only of the superstructure to the complete package. This makes for difficulties when making comparisons between companies.
Manufacturers who work in the self build industry have evolved their services greatly over the years and many present themselves as ‘package suppliers’. As well as satisfying yourself that they will be a capable manufacturer, you’ll also need to make sure they’ll offer the services you need and want to pay for. Read quotations carefully and pay particular attention to the small print to work out what is and isn’t included.
Many package companies will not manage the groundworks, drainage and landscaping, so you should look carefully at the specification offered by each company and check that you are comparing like with like.
A basic package may typically consist of the following items:
- Soleplates, damp-proof courses and clips
- Structural external/internal wall panels and waterproof membrane
- Floor joists and floor covers (not finishes)
- All roof elements, usually supplied as prefabricated trusses
Items that are unlikely to be included, unless the whole housebuilding contract is let to the timber frame company:
- External claddings
- Roofing materials: felt, batten, roof tiles, etc
- Insulation
- Floor screeds
- Chimney flues
- Glazing (though joinery is increasingly being supplied pre-glazed)
- Heating, plumbing and electrics
- Plaster finishes
- Kitchen units, fitted bedroom furniture and sanitaryware
- Decorating, wall and floor tiling and finishes
- Garage doors
Additional tips for choosing a supplier
- Choose a member of the Structural Timber Association
- Ask three or four companies to provide a quote for your project. They will need your drawings (ideally plans/sections/elevations to a scale of no less than 1:100), along with as detailed a specification as you can
- When you are comparing manufacturers’ quotes, make sure that the two quotes have a comparable specification. Some manufacturers offer a free quote comparison service; if they do, it’s worth using it. Don’t automatically reject the most expensive quotation – the company may have quoted for a higher specification, or for more elements of the build
- Once you have narrowed your choice to two manufacturers, arrange to meet them at their factory, where you can go through their quote in detail
- Ask if they have any suggestions for saving costs, as fairly small changes to the plans can often mean large cost savings
- While you are at the factory, request a tour and see, touch and feel the various materials they plan to use. Ask about lead times, too so you can understand your build schedule
FAQs
Is it hard to get a mortgage on a timber frame house?
No, this is not usually the case and it's certainly possible to get a self build mortgage on a timber frame building, but you may need to look for mainstream providers who work with this type of off-site build system.
How do I ensure my timber frame self build is a success?
With timber frame construction being a lightweight structure, there are elements to consider when agreeing the specification with your architect to make sure you are as satisfied as you can be when living in the finished property.
Key considerations include the fact you may wish to surpass the minimum soundproofing requirements set out in the building requirements, when building with timber to minimise the risk of noise.
Timber frame designs also lend themselves to large amounts of glazing which can increase solar gain, but lead to overheating. Timber frame will offer less in the way of thermal mass so your designer will need to consider how to prevent overheating. Installing a brise soleil, shutters or retractable awning can be useful design choices to keep your timber frame home comfortable all year round.
To avoid squeaky floors, floor joists should be designed with a serviceability index (a measure of the joist’s performance) of at least 1.2. This results in a more rigid floor that bends or sags less that a floor designed to an SI of 1.0. For a squeak-free floor, glue onto the joist/noggings with a 6mm bead of D4 glue, glue the tongue and grooves, use screws (typically 2.5 times the floor boarding thickness in length), brush D4 glue onto the exposed edges of the flooring to seal it and leave a 10mm expansion gap at the floor perimeter.
Ensure adequate home ventilation as timber frame construction, by its very nature, provides very good levels of airtightness. The expression ‘build tight and ventilate right’ is exactly what you should be looking to achieve here. Incorporating a mechanical heat recovery and ventilation (MVHR) system is a good idea.
And finally, think ahead to your fixtures and finishes. Timber frame stud walls are normally at 600mm centres, which can sometimes make fixing heavier items to the wall a challenge as there are limitations as to the weight the plasterboard can support. Ask the joiner/builder to fit noggins in appropriate positions before the plasterboard is fitted to ensure a good solid fix.
For more inspiration regarding timber frame construction, take a look at this oak-frame self build with wonderful countryside views that overcame big survey issues, and if oak is your preferred timber of choice, we drill down into oak frame house costs in a little more detail, to help you know how much you might need to budget.
Mike is an expert in self build, with a particular focus on timber frame construction, and offers advice on the build process as well as the cost elements of building with timber. He has been in the industry for 47 years. He set up his own architectural consultancy in 1985, focusing on extensions and individual new builds, before joining Scotframe, a leading timber frame supplier, between 1991 and 2017. He now runs his own self-build consultancy. As well as helping hundreds of self builders realise their dream homes, he has also presented to the Scottish Government regarding the importance of self build, and has been the deputy chairman of the Structural Timber Association's (STA) self-build committee. He has also self-built twice.
