Insulating floors is often trickier than insulating other areas of your home. The ground floor beneath a house is generally warmer than the air around it, and so it would perhaps be third on your list of priorities (behind walls and roofs). However, it makes sense to consider retrofitting, particularly if you have a suspended timber floor.
You can retrofit floor insulation on top of a solid concrete base, too, but this will have an impact on floor height build-up. And it’s only worth digging out the floor if you’re undertaking a major renovation.
(MORE: The complete guide to renovating a house)
The Importance of Insulating Floors
The limiting U value (the maximum U value that cannot be exceeded) required under current Building Regulations are:
- Roof: 0.20W/m²
- Ground floor: 0.25W/m²
- Walls: 0.30W/m²
Heat rises as denser colder air falls and pushes the warmer air up, and is more likely to escape through the roof. And the earth below the ground floor will be warmer (in winter) than the external air, so why does the floor need a better U value than the walls?
To meet the new Target Fabric Energy Efficiency (TFEE) and comply with 2014 Building Regulations, the U values will need to be no worse than 0.13W/m² for both the roof and floor. This recognises that a uniform envelope is a good idea.
Insulating a Solid Floor
Most modern homes have a solid floor, for example:
- concrete slab
- concrete planks
- block and beam
Insulation is laid on the concrete and covered with a screed. There will be a damp-proof membrane under the insulation and possibly a second membrane on top, depending on the type of screed.
In this scenario, a rigid foam insulation is usual, and as you’d want the same U value in the roof, we need the same thickness of insulation (180mm). Many builders will baulk at this figure — it was not long ago that installing 50mm of insulation in the floor was considered fairly advanced.
Insulating a Suspended Timber Floor
A suspended timber floor tends to be cold and draughty because of the air circulating beneath it. Installing any amount of insulation will warm the floorboards and go a long way towards eliminating draughts. The effect is a greater sense of comfort and that, in turn, allows the homeowner to turn the thermostat down.
Typically a renovator does not have to meet the same Building Regulations requirements and has more freedom in the amount of insulation installed. On the other hand, the noticeable impact of the insulation is likely to be greater.
Achieving a U value of 0.25 would be a good target. That would need 90mm of rigid foam or 150mm mineral wool. A semi-rigid material is generally best as it can be cut very slightly oversized and squeezed in between the floor joists, thereby ensuring no draught-causing gaps.
The insulation should be pushed tight to the underside of the floorboards. At least 25mm of the joist must be left exposed to ensure air circulation. This is to prevent the joist becoming damp and encouraging dry rot. For the same reason, any airbricks must be left clear to ensure a good air flow.
The way the insulation is installed will vary with the type and rigidity of the insulation:
- Rigid foams just need a few tacks to ensure they do not drop
- Semi-rigid batts will need battens fixed along the joists
- Flexible wools will need battens across the joists.
The thickness required to achieve a U value of 0.25W/m² on a suspended floor is:
- Mineral wool: 150mm
- Rigid foam: 90mm
Space Blanket
This is fibreglass insulation encapsulated in a metalised polythene film. It is said to be more effective than simple fibreglass, as the metalised film reflects heat. It is useful in hard-to-reach spaces and under suspended floors as it can be tacked into place.
Retrofit Floor Insulation
Installing insulation on top of the floor can present problems with ceiling, door and window cill heights. Kingspan’s new range of Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIPs) offers an interesting solution for those needing an ultra-thin build-up.
The panels consist of a microporous core, which is evacuated and sealed in a thin, gas-tight membrane. They can achieve performance similar to the thickness of traditional insulation at levels of just 26mm.